1. Model Summary
2. Use
3. Limitations
4. Training
5. Evaluation
6. Citation

Model Summary

We present BLOOMZ & mT0, a family of models capable of following human instructions in dozens of languages zero-shot. We finetune BLOOM & mT5 pretrained multilingual language models on our crosslingual task mixture (xP3) and find our resulting models capable of crosslingual generalization to unseen tasks & languages.

• Repository: bigscience-workshop/xmtf
• Paper: Crosslingual Generalization through Multitask Finetuning
• Point of Contact: Niklas Muennighoff
• Languages: Refer to mc4 for pretraining & xP3 for finetuning language proportions. It understands both pretraining & finetuning languages.
• BLOOMZ & mT0 Model Family:

Use

Intended use

We recommend using the model to perform tasks expressed in natural language. For example, given the prompt "Translate to English: Je t’aime.", the model will most likely answer "I love you.". Some prompt ideas from our paper:

• 一个传奇的开端，一个不灭的神话，这不仅仅是一部电影，而是作为一个走进新时代的标签，永远彪炳史册。你认为这句话的立场是赞扬、中立还是批评?
• Suggest at least five related search terms to "Mạng neural nhân tạo".
• Write a fairy tale about a troll saving a princess from a dangerous dragon. The fairy tale is a masterpiece that has achieved praise worldwide and its moral is "Heroes Come in All Shapes and Sizes". Story (in Spanish):
• Explain in a sentence in Telugu what is backpropagation in neural networks.

Feel free to share your generations in the Community tab!

How to use

CPU

# pip install -q transformers
from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, AutoTokenizer

checkpoint = "bigscience/mt0-xxl-p3"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint)

inputs = tokenizer.encode("Translate to English: Je t’aime.", return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

GPU

# pip install -q transformers accelerate
from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, AutoTokenizer

checkpoint = "bigscience/mt0-xxl-p3"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, torch_dtype="auto", device_map="auto")

inputs = tokenizer.encode("Translate to English: Je t’aime.", return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

GPU in 8bit

# pip install -q transformers accelerate bitsandbytes
from transformers import AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, AutoTokenizer

checkpoint = "bigscience/mt0-xxl-p3"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

inputs = tokenizer.encode("Translate to English: Je t’aime.", return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Limitations

Prompt Engineering: The performance may vary depending on the prompt. For BLOOMZ models, we recommend making it very clear when the input stops to avoid the model trying to continue it. For example, the prompt "Translate to English: Je t'aime" without the full stop (.) at the end, may result in the model trying to continue the French sentence. Better prompts are e.g. "Translate to English: Je t'aime.", "Translate to English: Je t'aime. Translation:" "What is "Je t'aime." in English?", where it is clear for the model when it should answer. Further, we recommend providing the model as much context as possible. For example, if you want it to answer in Telugu, then tell the model, e.g. "Explain in a sentence in Telugu what is backpropagation in neural networks.".

Training

Model

• Architecture: Same as mt5-xxl, also refer to the config.json file
• Finetuning steps: 7000
• Finetuning tokens: 1.29 billion
• Precision: bfloat16

Hardware

• TPUs: TPUv4-256

Software

• Orchestration: T5X
• Neural networks: Jax

Evaluation

We refer to Table 7 from our paper & bigscience/evaluation-results for zero-shot results on unseen tasks. The sidebar reports zero-shot performance of the best prompt per dataset config.

Citation

@misc{muennighoff2022crosslingual,
      title={Crosslingual Generalization through Multitask Finetuning},
      author={Niklas Muennighoff and Thomas Wang and Lintang Sutawika and Adam Roberts and Stella Biderman and Teven Le Scao and M Saiful Bari and Sheng Shen and Zheng-Xin Yong and Hailey Schoelkopf and Xiangru Tang and Dragomir Radev and Alham Fikri Aji and Khalid Almubarak and Samuel Albanie and Zaid Alyafeai and Albert Webson and Edward Raff and Colin Raffel},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2211.01786},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}